Firm growth and M&A ; Firm Internationalisation Essay

Firm development and M&A ; Firm Internationalization - Essay Example Internationalization is a multifaceted procedure. Before a firm can take part in going worldwide, a firm should develop from inside. In this unique circumstance, the firm should be predominant in the nation of origin. At the point when an organization has an upper hand, it recommends that it has procedures, which it can apply in the worldwide market to endure. The firm is probably going to confront significant difficulties before it can accomplish development. When the firm beats money related, administrative issues, and increase shareholder’s certainty, at that point, it can go worldwide (Buckley et al., 2007). Inferable from the goal of developing in the outer market, the firm can use mergers, takeovers, or joint endeavors. Then again, internationalization includes entering remote markets. The organizations may utilize numerous methodologies to enter the outside business sectors. This may incorporate authorizing, trading and outside direct speculation (FDIs). Permitting includes giving another organization creation rights to utilize the authorized material. The association given such rights (licensee) will have paid the other association giving the permit (licensor) some installment. Sending out is another procedure that organizations utilize to enter outside business sectors. Trading includes selling of products delivered in the home market of the organization to different markets on the planet. Then again, FDIs includes the goal to get a drawn out enthusiasm for a business, which works in an alternate economy (Rugman, 1975). Organizations can look to serve products or administrations through authorizing. Permitting is the least demanding approach to enter global markets, and organizations incline toward this system attributable to the insignificant hazard and low speculation. Creating in the objective market will enable the organization to beat exchange hindrances, for example, expected social separation. This is conceivable in light of the fact that individuals in the objective market can see the organization as an untouchable (Rugman and Verbeke, 2004).

Impact of technology :: essays research papers

Effect of Technology and Ethical Decision Making The dynamic procedure will consistently introduce moral difficulties to chiefs. Is this the best activity? This inquiry is the focal point of the moral problem for any one who is a leader in companies all through the world. An assortment of numerous elements will be taken in thought in responding to this inquiry. Is it directly for the organization? Is it directly for me? There are numerous approaches to move toward the moral subject, and distinctive moral qualities may and can emerge out of various methodologies like in the manner a choice can be assessed is reliant on the qualities and interests of the individual or gathering of individuals assessing that choice. For instance a few partners in certain organizations won't care that much if the choice was made dependent on moral qualities checking it created the outcomes they anticipated. This is the place the hazard lies, in light of the fact that the chief will likewise have this brain when choosing about the subject, contingent up on the amount the individual in question may over look some moral issues in lieu that a decent result or great profit can come through. The standard procedures about which a chief will mind are exceptionally reliant on the ethical methodology. The leader may utilize a personal circumstance or material methodology and choice that will be coordinated towards their own advantage these choices can at times cause great outcomes for the organization regardless of whether the chief has just the personal responsibility as a top priority. It isn't uncommon that a chief will settle on choices utilizing this methodology. An alternate methodology might be utilized and choice happens dependent on the genuine number of individuals profited by it. Typically this utilitarian methodology thinks about the outcomes of a choice as a strategy for assessing it is ethical quality.

The Best Comics We Read in March

The Best Comics We Read in March Quantum Teens Are Go #1 by Magdalene Visaggio, Eryk Donovan, Claudia Aguirre, Zakk Saam (Jamie Canaves) My love for Kim Kim is so great that I will add Visaggio’s comics to my pull list without even reading the summary or investigating what the comic is aboutas I did with Quantum Teens Are Go. I make great decisions sometimes! Two high school teens (a transgender girl and her boyfriend) are working on a time machine that they’re building from parts they steal from abandoned labsis that actually stealing? Anyways, I already love Nat and Sumesh and am buckled in for this guaranteed fun ride! So much so that even though I’m a much-prefer-volumes reader I’m waiting for every single issue like it’s the only water in the desert. Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane by Sean McKeever, Takeshi Miyazawa, and Christina Strain (Charles Paul Hoffman) Gonna be honest: Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane and the preceding Mary Jane and Mary Jane: Homecoming miniseries are my favorite comics I’ve read in quite a long time. They take the tried-but-true idea of Spider-Man in high school, but flip it on its head. Rather than focusing on Peter and his time as Spidey, the focus is on Mary Jane and her friends, and Peter and Spidey barely even show up. Instead, we get manga-influenced teen drama that’s rarely found in American comics. Unfortunately, it’s all out of print and tracking down the whole series might be a bit of a pain, but lucky for you it’s all on Comixology and Marvel Unlimited. Shirley Jacksons The Lottery: The Authorized Graphic Adaptation by Miles Hyman (Jan Rosenberg) Shirley Jackson’s ‘The Lottery’ is one of the most bone-chilling short stories of all time. If you haven’t read it, I suggest doing your Homework before trying this. The graphic novel adaptation is written by Shirley Jackson’s grandson. The artwork is gorgeous, and nothing can describe the mix of elation and horror of seeing the events of the story unfold in these illustrations. Shaman King, Vol. 11  by Hiroyuki Takei (Megan Cavitt) I have a complicated relationship with Shaman King as a whole Takei’s a great cartoonist and he likes to tweak shonen manga archetypes in unexpected ways, but holy cultural appropriation, Batman! This volume, though, features a (mostly) self-contained story about one of the side characters getting lost in the wilderness, befriending a park ranger, and confronting his own weaknesses in the guise of helping to relocate a stubborn bear. It’s a far cry from the tournament-style fighting that dominates the series, and I got pretty emotional over a thus-far less-developed character which is precisely what I want from a long-running shonen series. Giant Days, Volume 4 by John Allison, Max Sarin, Liz Fleming (Emma Nichols) I’m a recent fan of this long-running comic, which is kind of great because I tore through volumes 1-3 and only had to wait a few weeks for volume 4 to come out. Still, the wait was painful. Giant Days isn’t especially plot-driven, it’s simply about three young women who befriend each other at university. But there is something so compelling about the comic, so honest and hilarious in its depiction of friendship, romantic entanglements, and adulting. When I’m not reading about them, I desperately miss the main characters Esther, Susan, and Daisy. In fact, I think I’ll go start at volume 1 again. Right now. Carl Barks Greatest Ducktales Stories, Volume 1 by Carl Barks, Walt Disney Company (Priya Sridhar) With the new Ducktales reboot coming out this year (with David Tennant as Scrooge McDuck), I thought it would be best to go back to the roots. Ducktales chronicles Scrooge’s adventures, as he recruits his nephew Donald and great-nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie, so that he can make more money and add to his bin. He deals with realistic problems like aging, lost loves, and protecting his assets. The not-so realistic problems include aliens no bigger than matchsticks, an Abominable Snowman that collects human items, and expensive pills that instantly reverse memory loss. I recommend reading this since we don’t know when the reboot will air. Secret Path by Gord Downie, Jeff Lemire (Thomas Maluck) Chanie Wenjack, called “Charlie” by his teachers, was 12 years old when he ran away from the Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School in search of home. The Canadian government had separated him from his family in an attempt to re-educate him and thousands of other native children. Unbeknownst to him, home was 400 miles away with little hope of survival, and he died on October 22, 1966 along railroad tracks. Lemire’s cartooning is intense and melancholy, telling a spare tale informed by flashbacks that suggest Wenjack’s abuse. His flickering matchstick of hope withers during a slowly freezing escape. The book includes lyrics from Gord Downie’s album of the same title, as well as links to his music and a documentary about the Canadian government’s abduction of a generation. Alters #5 by Paul Jenkins and Leila Leiz (Shiri Sondheimer) Aftershock Comics’ Alters is a remarkable book I wish was getting more air time. The first arc, which concludes in the current issue, focuses on Charlie, who has been transformed into a superhero by a mysterious quantum phenomenon affecting humans seemingly at random; Charlie is, at the same time, transitioning from male to female and has yet to decide which will present more of a challenge to explain to her family. It’s only as Chalice, her superhero persona Charlie can truly express her gender identity but as a hero, she faces a whole other set of challenges, including figuring out who she can trust and the constant attacks of her nemesis, Matter Man. Jenkins handles the all aspects of the story deftly and with great sensitivity and Leiz’s art is kinetic and in a classic vein which helps ground the more fantastic elements of the plot, with an updated color palette that gives off her work a futuristic edge. I got to talk to Jenkins a bit at New Jersey Comic Expo last fall and he gave me a few hints as to where the book will go from here; catch up quick because it’s only going to get more amazing. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Pink #1 by Brenden Fletcher, Kelly Thompson, Daniele Di Nicuolo, and Sarah Stern (Keri Crist-Wagner) I’m late to the Power Rangers party. Like decades late. I saw the new movie last weekend and enjoyed it more than I thought I would. Inspired, I decided to pick up the first comic detailing the life of the Pink Ranger, Kimberly Hart that came out last summer. While obviously a different version of the character than what was portrayed in the film, Pink #1 was a fun, Scoobie-Do-esq start to a limited series run. I really enjoyed Di Nicuolo’s art in particular, and I’m definitely picking up trade when it comes out in April. Its All Absolutely Fine by Ruby Elliot, aka rubyetc (Nicole Brinkley) Anybody who has spent any time on the internet at all would recognize Ruby Elliot’s artwork. Her wiggly, minimalist drawings tackle issues relating to her own life to her anxiety, to her bipolar disorder, to how much she loves her dog. I’m a sucker for webartists that compile their standalone comics into a collection for me to read, and Ruby’s with a handful of mini-essays spliced throughout was completely fun to read. Goldie Vance, Vol. 1 by Hope Larsen and Brittney Williams (Rachel Manwill) I’m not sure why I was so late to the party on this, but after waiting forever for my library hold to come in, I finally just bought the damn thing. The long hold list at my library should have tipped me off that this cute comic was worth the wait. A brown queer Nancy Drew? Goldie Vance is my hero. It’s fun and the art is bright and matches the story so well. I can’t wait for Volume 2 (May 9, 2017). Better get on that hold list now! Shattered Warrior by Sharon Shinn and Molly Ostertag (Swapna Krishna) Ive been a fan of Molly Ostertags for years, so I had pretty high expectations for this sci-fi graphic novel, about humans living in servitude on Earth after aliens have invaded and taken over our planet. I wasnt prepared to absolutely adore it. A strong PoC lady lead, queer characters, deep and complex relationships, all against a lushly drawn and colored backdrop of Earths dim future. I adored this graphic novel and think this is a breakout year for Ostertag; by the end of 2017, I hope shes a household name. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you.

Storing Data On The Internet - 868 Words

There is an innumerable amount of data that is being store in the internet every day. However, all this information that is being store must go somewhere to be retrieved. Databases are becoming an essential part of storing data on the internet. At first database were designed for offline purposes, but due to the constantly need to store and retrieve data to and from the interment. Internet databases have designed to make interacting with information online an easier task. There are multiple benefits in using an internet database. One big benefit is having the ability to present information on any platform. Since, internet databases do not actually directly interact with the user, any type of database can be used. Some popular database that having the ability to go online is Oracle, MySQL, or Microsoft Access. These databases interact with the internet through what’s called a web server. A web server acts as the middle man between the user’s browser, and the dat abase. The web server takes in requests from the user web browser, and sends it to the database. The database then sends the requested information to the web server, which will be sent to the use web browser. Throughout the process the web server presents the information so that both the web browser and database can read the information correctly. Along with not directly interacting with the users browser, internet database save time, and money. An internet database can double as a database that notShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at Cloud Computing882 Words   |  3 Pages CLOUDCOMPUTING: DEFINITION: Anything that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet is Cloud computing. Cloud computing is a type of Internet-based computing where different services -- such as servers, storage and applications – are delivered to an organizations computers and devices through the Internet. cloud computing structure allows access to information as long as an electronic device has access to the web. Cloud computing system allows employeesRead MoreSecurity in The Cloud Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesgadget out there. Something simple as browsing the web can give hackers information about the people’s data. Before Cloud computing, hackers were stealing data from the physical hard drive by implementing a virus that would open a back door and send the data straight to the hacker’s server. As security measure Enterprises, small businesses and the normal consumers have started to store data on the cloud. However, what the user or business fails to understand is that the information on the cloudRead MoreImproving Personal Health Records On Cloud Services1395 Words   |  6 Pageshealth records when storing and managing them. Before cloud computing surfaced, heath providers used local servers and hard drives to store their records and data. As cloud computing has been becoming more and more popular, many healthcare providers are using the cloud to store and manage their sensitive data. This paper will investigate the different access control models, Role-Based Access Control and Attribute-Based Access Control, to validate the confidentiality of data when storing and managing personalRead MoreCloud Storage Essay752 Words   |  4 Pagescost-effective. Cloud storage stores data on a server and not local hard drive. This helps in having back up, sync and access to the data on all possible devices that have internet connection. 2. I personally feel that it is a very good way to track personal information. At the same time I also feel that the mobiles today are so high-end that they have huge storage capacity in-built. Music, photos and documents can be stored there too without the requirement of internet access and issues concerningRead MoreCloud Computer Accounting Assignment : Cloud Computing1162 Words   |  5 PagesCLOUD COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING ASSIGNMENT 1. Describe cloud computing Cloud computing refers to the storing of computer data and applications over the internet rather than on home or office network. It allows the sharing of data-processing tasks, online access to computer services and resources and centralized data storage. Instead of installing applications locally on your personal computer, applications are stored on a remote â€Å"cloud† server that you access through your web browser. Rather thanRead MoreThe cloud is a computing network of remote, servers hosted on the internet and used to store,800 Words   |  4 Pagescomputing network of remote, servers hosted on the internet and used to store, manage and process data in place of local servers or personal computers. There is a rich, complex, and shared data store in the cloud (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2014). In addition. in the could computing, there is also a thing used to explain a range of computing concepts that include a large number of computers attached through a real-time communic ation network like the internet. In since, cloud computing is a synonym for distributedRead MoreSecurity Issues And Risks Of Cloud Computing Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Cloud computing is nothing but accessing and storing data and applications through internet instead of storing them in the local computer hard drive. This simply means you can accesses your data from anywhere you have access to the internet, and you really don’t need any physical access to the data where it is stored. Need of cloud computing: The main reason for the need of cloud computing is its mobility, storage access and economic. The internet with the Wi-Fi has enormously grown on the mobileRead MoreEssay On Cloud1497 Words   |  6 Pagesclouds in the sky or they would ask is it that one movie food falls from the clouds. Little do they know the thing that they store their data to is called the cloud. No, No, No the cloud isn’t on your local device. The cloud is on the internet. This means you do not need a ten-thousand-dollar computer to be able to use the cloud. You will just need half decent internet. Most people really don’t much about the cloud. They think it is magical storage that appears out of thin air. Although it would be coolRead MoreWhat Is An Online Database?1081 Words   |  5 Pagesupdated. Databases can contain several types of content: bibliographics, full-text, numeric, and images (s1). This is most commonly done in a table because of its easy to read data, it ability to compare and find data. An online database is a database that is accessed from a network, the most common example of this is on the internet, and unlike if it were a local database held on a computer only connected to an internal network or a computer (s2) How to implement an App Inventor 2 Database In App inventorRead MoreThe Importance of Computer in Education1018 Words   |  5 Pageschunks of data can be stored in them. They enable quick processing of data with very less or no chances of errors in processing. Networked computers aid quick communication and enable web access. Storing documents on computers in the form of soft copies instead of hard ones, helps save paper. The advantages of computers in education primarily include: -Storage of information -Quick data processing -Audio-visual aids in teaching -Better presentation of information -Access to the Internet Quick

What Was Ambrose s View On Free Will And Grace - 1507 Words

What was Ambrose’s view on free will and grace? Prior to the Augustine and Pelagian war on free will versus grace, there was a Milan bishop with not quite clear beliefs, but a definite point of view. Many believe Saint Augustine of Hippo was highly influenced by Saint Ambrose of Milan and would therefore assume an exact belief correlation, though it does not seem quite true. Augustine would argue that humans are flawed and dependent. Within his book On Grace and Free Will, Augustine states, â€Å"So now let us see what are the divine testimonies concerning the grace of God, without which we are not able to do any good thing.† (On Grace and Free Will 1.7) Opposing Augustine is Pelagian who would argue that humans are radically free and can achieve perfection through that of â€Å"good works.† In the same book by Augustine it is stated, â€Å"Pelagian argued that God’s grace is given according to our merits.† (On Grace and Free Will 1.10) Ambrose neve r wrote regarding free will and grace but one can closely analyze his writings in attempt to determine a belief. Before discussing the concepts regarding free will it is first vital to understand the meaning of the term. Free will involves the ability and potential for one to be saved by God through good works; a concept found numerous times within the writings of Ambrose. It is clear that Ambrose believes people must do good in order to experience salvation. In De Officiis, Ambrose states, â€Å"He will be our judge, whom hidden things do notShow MoreRelatedThe Birth Of The Monastic Movement Affect Augustine s Thinking About Marriage1020 Words   |  5 Pagesthe confessions †¢ Monica- Augustine’s mother and a devoted Christian †¢ Adeodatus- He was a â€Å"gift from God† and was very unhappy when he lost his partner after 13 years †¢ Manicheism- a new religion, Augustine became part of this religion when he was about 20 years old. †¢ Elect- Special people were vegetarians and are certain fruits and vegetables. †¢ Hearers- People that were forbidden from the Elects. †¢ Ambrose of Milan- a Christian bishop and also a provincial governor. †¢ Donatists- were the opponentsRead MoreSummary : The Emperor Trajan 2012 Words   |  9 Pagescommunity within the Roman province of Bithynia. This ancient document provides what David Music calls, one of the earliest post-New Testament references to Christian singing. Certainly, the Old Testament, and New Testament point to the practice as well, (2 Samuel 22:1-51, Matthew 26:30), indicate that the expression of song has consistently operated at the heart of the liturgical, communal, and devotional life of God s people. In fact, without the utterance of song, religious worship becomes sterileRead MoreAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Ambrose Bierce Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesnarrative structure in Ambrose Bierce’s â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge†, if to be fully understood requires and deserves a vast amount of attention to detail. Once the narrative structure behind the plot is acknowledged and comprehended, only then can the story truly be ju stified for what is it is: a complex, multi-layered and cleverly deceiving story. The amount of detail put into creating Peyton’s fantasy, whilst still subtly keeping in touch with his harsh reality, is what makes the story so engaging;Read More Women, Beauty and Self-Esteem Essay5143 Words   |  21 PagesAmbrose Bierce (1958) once wrote, â€Å"To men a man is but a mind. Who cares what face he carries or what he wears? But woman’s body is the woman.† Despite the societal changes achieved since Bierce’s time, his statement remains true. Since the height of the feminist movement in the early 1970s, women have spent more money than ever before on products and treatments designed to make them beautiful. Cosmetic sales have increased annually to reach $18 billion in 1987 (â€Å"Ignoring the economy. . . ,† 1989)

Business Cycle Free Essays

Tanzania Business Cycle. Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. According to the United Nations’ data approximately 36% of the global population (43. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7 million people) lives below the poverty line. This signifies that the per capita income of Tanzania is relatively low. The Tanzanian economy depends highly on agriculture, which makes up 40% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), provides 85% of exports and employs about 80% of the labour force. The remaining 20% is employed either in tourism, construction, mining or the service sector. Although agriculture has boosted Tanzania’s economy, hurdles still exist due to the poor infrastructure of the country. However, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), together with private foreign companies are adopting measures to develop the country in order raise its GDP, and have a sustainable growth rate. (Roubin Global Economics 2012). The business cycle represents four phases that the economy of a country goes through over a period of time, moving away from it actual growth trend as suggested by Grant 2000. These include a) depression, b) recovery, c) boom and d) recession. The graph (1) in Appendix A shows, how a economy moves through the four stages, moving away from the actual growth trend. At each stage the economic activities and the total output produced by the economy fluctuate. In addition to that, at each stage the macro economic variables, which include inflation and unemployment, also fluctuate. The wealth of the country also fluctuates at each stage signifying that at each phase of the business cycle the level of consumption, investment, government expenditure, exports and imports fluctuate. (Gant 2000). Below the graph represents Tanzania’s business cycle from 1960 to 2011. The graph represents the four phases of the business cycle according to Tanzania’s economy, also represents how the economy moves away from its actual growth trend. Graph 1: Bigsten and Danielsson(2011) This essay will firstly describe Tanzania’s progress through the four economic phases over the time frame of 1960-2011. Thereafter it will discuss how the various macro economic variables fluctuate during each stage. In particular, this essay will focus on the macro economic variables of unemployment, inflation, investment, output growth (including the components of aggregate demand and supply) and will also consider exports. Depression is the period that falls between recession and recovery. This is the period when the economy faces high rate of unemployment, negative net investment, low levels of exports and falling demand for consumer goods and services, as well as capital goods. (Grant 2000) This is the period when the output level falls over a period of time and the economy of the country is at the lowest level of growth. This implies that the aggregate demand for commodities produced will be relatively low. At this stage the economy will experience a negative growth rate, thus the country will not experience economic development. Instead the country will experience poverty as the circular flow of income in the economy is at a minimum. (Grant 2000) As shown in the graph above, according to the Tanzania economic business cycle, it shows that during the period of independence in 1960’s, the economy experienced a negative growth rate of -4. 2% and had a per capita income rate of 7. 1%. In addition to this the inflation rate was relatively high at 7. 8% as stated by Bigsten and Danielsson (2011). The situation in which the rate of inflation is relatively high and the country’s growth rate is negative is known as hyperinflation. Hyperinflation occurs when the economy highly depends on imports and the country’s currency has lost its value. (Investopedia 2012). This occurred because Tanzania had just been freed from the colonial British rule and, had been taken over by the father of the nation, J. K. Nyerere. The country therefore had to adopt various reform policies in order to boost the economy. (Bigsten and Daneelsson (2011)). By the early 1980’s Tanzania was heading to an economic crisis, due to the war between Uganda and Tanzania, which climaxed in1978. (EISA2010). During this period of warfare, Tanzania faced a reduction in its exports. In addition to this, there were low levels of investment and low levels of production, which decreased the consumption level in the economy. All these factors led to a fall in the aggregate demand and supply in Tanzania. The negative growth also caused the Tanzanian Shilling to depreciate by 25% in 1984, where the wages level decline, thus implying there was a high rate of unemployment, together with that the inflation rate was at 40%, as can be seen on the graph (2) in appendix A. (EISA 2010). According to Rutasita 2004, the high rate of inflation occurred due to the depreciation of the Tanzanian Shilling, which was brought about by the situation of hyperinflation as the currency lost it value. The effect of this on the country was vast as there was a great dependency on imported products that included oil. Tanzania therefore fell into deep economic crises mainly due to the oil price shock, the war between Uganda and Tanzania; fall in exports and the depreciation of the local currency. (Noni 2011) Recovery is the period between depression and boom. This is the period in an economy when reforms occur which tends to boost consumption levels, increase production, increase net investment, increase inflation rates and decrease unemployment rate. Overall, during recovery period the government implements various reform policies, in order to boost the economy and have a positive stable growth in terms of the GDP growth rate (Grant 2000). According to the Tanzanian growth cycle, Tanzania has adopted several reform policies, to allow the economy to have a stable growth rate that would eventually lead to its peak period. Soon after its independence from British rule, as suggested by Noni (2011), Tanzania established commercial banks in November 1970,with the main aim to facilitate investment by providing medium and long term loans, in order to boost up the economy of the country, through the industrial sector. Tanzania however, is said to have a growth rate of 4. 2% after 1986 through the reform policy on macro stability (Shanghai Poverty Conference). In addition to this, in order to reform the economy, the Tanzanian government adopted various policies to reduce the poverty level in the county. Between the 1994 and 2002, through the adaptation of the policy, the level of poverty reduced by 28%. The rate of inflation reduced from 30% during the 1980’s and early 1990’s to a single digit in the late 1990’s, as seen in the graph (2) on Appendix A. As suggested by Shanghai Poverty Conference, the introduction of various policies by Tanzania boosted the economy, as it created new investment, both private and foreign direct. The policy also created employment began to expand the economy. The reforms also improved the balance of payment, which stabled the exchange rate to allow the inflation rate to reduce to a single digit in 1999 being 7. 9%, as the economy was less dependent on the imported productions, and also because of the improvement in balance of payment the shillings gained value, thus stabilizing the economy to a certain level (Rutasitara 2004). This implies that overall production level to increase, which signifies that the aggregate demand for the products’ production would also increase, bring an overall increase in the consumption level. Thus the country has experienced a steady rate of economic growth over the time frame of 1962 to 1976, 1984 to 1995 and finally from 1998 to 2011. The fact that the country’s overall economy has been growing signifies a steady flow of money circulation in the Tanzanian economy. Boom is the period in the economy that comes after recovery and before recession. During this stage of the business cycle, goods and services are at high demand. Also there is a high import and export rate, the inflation rate is relatively high and employment is at the peak. This stage of the economy is when production is at its highest level and thus the expectation of profit is relatively high. (Grant 2000) Referring to the graph above, between the years 1960 and 2011, the Tanzanian economy has been recovering showing a significant growth overall in the economy. Tanzania experienced a significant growth rate in 1966 when the growth rate peaked to 12. 8% (ESED International). Thereafter, the economy has also peaked from the year 2000 to 2011, with an average growth rate of 6. 6%, over a period of 11 years. During this period the average inflation rate was 7. 25% (ESDE International). During this period Tanzania had found natural resources including gold and natural gases which has led to the development of its infrastructure. The industrial sector grew by 9. 2% in 2007, and was estimated to grow by 10% in year 2008, as suggested by Campbell and Christie (2010). Tanzania also showed a great improvement in 2010, performing well in foreign exchange reserves tourism sector. The country has collected $3. 7 billion reserves by September 2012 (The Citizen 2010). Furthermore, the country has taken various measures to improve its growth, as stated by Business Development Gateway (2012). For example, in the year 2010, there had been more development under private sectors, which benefit the investors, and allow investment to occur in the country, which would bring about employment opportunities. Overall, since the beginning of the twenty-first century Tanzania has experienced a great improvement in terms of the GDP growth rate. (Campbell and Christie 2010) Recession is the period between boom and depression. This is the period when the economic growth slows down eventually attaining a constant level in the economy. This is the phase where the rate of unemployment would rise, while the rate inflation rate would decrease. During the recession period the economy is growing but at a low rate. (Grant 2000). According to the graph above, Tanzania’s economy faced a recession during the year 2008. This occurred due to the global financial crises of 2008 that originated from the United States of America caused a general fall in the level of output. This effected Tanzania’s economy as this caused fuel prices to increase, which led to an increase in price in all the sectors of Tanzania’s economy, causing poverty to increase. According to Ngowi (2010), the crises mainly affected the low income earns countries (such as Tanzania) as they are highly financially dependent on the developed nations. Furthermore, due to the financial crises, according to Ngowi (2010) the growth rate predicted by Tanzania reduced from 7. 8% to 7. 5%, in 2008. The investment level also decreased by 10%, together with the level of exports reduced by 44% in cotton industry, 30% in the tourism industry and 50% in the coffee industry. The reduction in all the main economic activities of the country caused the growth rate of the country to decrease. The average inflation rate over the period 2009 to 2011 was 8. 2% (ESDS International). Overall the consumption of in the economy reduced considerably. The financial crises of 2008 did effect the economy of Tanzania, but not at a vast level, as stated by Ngowi (2010). In conclusion this essay has discussed the four phases of a business cycle, showing how an economy of a country (Tanzania) moves through the four stages over a period of time. Overall, Tanzania’s economy has been stable since the country redeemed its independence from British rule However according to president Kikwete (2011), the government has come up with a 5-year government plan in order to ameliorate the country’s economy to a middle income country, with an average GDP growth rate of 8% for next 5 years and targeted growth rate of 10% from 2016 to 2025. Appendix A Graph 1 Graph 1: Google image, the business cycle. Graph 2 Graph 2: ESDS Data Change in inflation rate on27th July 2012. REFERENCE 1. Bigsten A. , Danielsson A. (1999) â€Å"Is Tanzania an emerging economy? A report for the OECD project†Emerging Africa†Ã¢â‚¬ . [Online]. Available at: http://www. investmentcompact. org/dataoecd/40/30/2674918. pdf [Accessed on: 12th July 2012]. 2. Business Development Gateway (2009) Your Gateway to Business success; Fanikiwa ki-Biashara. Available at: http://www. bdgtpsf. com/ [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 3. Christie T. , Campbell J. 2010) â€Å"Tanzania† [Online] Available at: http://fic. wharton. upenn. edu/fic/africa/Tanzania%20Final. pdf [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 4. ESED (2012) The CPI % Change. Available at: http://esds80. mcc. ac. uk/wds_ifs/TableViewer/tableView. aspx [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 5. EISA (2010) Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa: Tanzania: failure of Ujamaa (19 76 – 1986). Available at: http://www. eisa. org. za/WEP/tanoverview9. htm [Accessed on: 12th July 2012]. 6. Grant, S. J. (2000) Stanlake’s Introductory Economics. 7th edn. Harlow: Essex. 7. Google images (2012) The Business cycle. Available at: http://www. google. co. uk/imgres? q=the+business+cyclehl=ensa=Xtbm=ischprmd=imvnstbnid=jagFpjAAwB55EM:imgrefurl=http://monevator. com/investment-clocks/docid=J2v1d2NUFnqmMMimgurl=http://monevator. com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/businesscycle_1. jpgw=515h=427ei=9uIBUPyBAqbC0QXX0uCIBwzoom=1biw=930bih=440 [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 8. Investopedia (2012)Hyper Inflation: Definition of Hyper inflation. Available at: http://www. investopedia. om/terms/h/hyperinflation. asp#axzz20XRP0LOi [Assessed: 12th July 2012] 9. Ngowi (2010) â€Å"The Current Global Economic Crisis and its impact in Tanzania†. African Journal of Business Management. 4(8) pp 1468 – 1476. [Online] Available at: http://www. academicjournals. org/AJBM/PDF/pdf2010/18July/Ngowi. pdf [Accessed on:12th July 2012] 10. Noni, P. (2011) â€Å"Implementing Successful Reforms and Transformations in DFIs: The Experience of Tanzania Investment Bank Limited†. Tanzania Investment Bank Limited. [Online] Available at: http://www. adfi-ci. org/news/Presentation_by_Mr_Noni_TIB. df [Accessed on: 12th July 2012] 11. Roubin Global economics (2012 )Tanzania: Economic profile: Back ground. Available at: http://www. roubini. com/briefings/119199. php [Accessed on 12th July 2012]. 12. Rutasitara, L. (2004) â€Å"Exchange rate regimes and inflation in Tanzania†. Africa Economic Research consortium. Paper 138 pp. 1-23 [Online] Available at: http://dspace. cigilibrary. org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/32127/1/RP138. pdf? 1 [Accessed on: 12th July 2012]. 13. Shanghai Poverty Conference Tanzania’s Economic Reforms and Lessons Learned. Online] Available at: http://info. worldbank. org/etools/docs/reducingpoverty/case/31/summary/Tanzania%20Country%20Study%20Summary. pdf [Accessed on 12th July 2012]. 14. United Republic of Tanzania Presidents office planning Commission (2011). The Tanzania five years development plan 2011/201 2 – 2015/2016. Available at: http://www. tanzania. go. tz/pdf/FYDP-2012-02-02. pdf [Accessed on 12th July 2012] 15. The Citizen (2010) â€Å"Economy on Course after global recession†. [Online] Available at: http://thecitizen. co. tz/magazines/31-business-week/6759-economy-on-course-aft How to cite Business Cycle, Essay examples

Diprotodons free essay sample

Introduction Diprotodon, meaning two forward teeth,  sometimes known as the  Giant Wombat  or the  Rhinoceros Wombat, was the largest known  marsupial that ever lived and the last of the extinct, herbivorous Diprotodontids. Diprotodon was the first fossil mammal named from Australia and one of the most well-known of the mega fauna. It was widespread across Australia when the first indigenous people arrived, co-existing with them for thousands of years before becoming extinct about 25,000 years ago. Distribution and Abundance Diprotodon is known from many sites across Australia, including the Darling Downs in southeastern Queensland: Wellington Caves, Tambar Springs and Cuddie Springs in New South Wales; Bacchus Marsh in Victoria; Lake Callabonna, Naracoorte Caves and Burra in South Australia. It is believed that Diprotodons could be found in all parts of Australia except in Tasmania. Until recently it was unknown how many species of  Diprotodon  had existed. Sir Richard Owen, a well- known palaeolontologist, studied them and gave the genus the name, Diprotodon in 1938. Wikipedia Reports 4 species : Diprotodon optatum, Diprotodon minor, Diprotodon laden, Diprotodon annextans. Timeline Evolution of the Flora The past 2 million years have been characterized by marked instability of the vegetation caused by dramatic cyclical fluctuations in climate. The remaining evergreen rainforest was further stressed. Evidence from southeastern Australia indicates that rainforest and Sclerophyll vegetation had very restricted distributions within a predominantly steppe vegetation during the cold dry periods of the ice ages. These colder conditions would have also made it easier for cold-adapted herbaceous plants from overseas to colonize Australia. By around 750,000 years ago, the vegetation had become adapted to the climatic changes. This pattern was broken within the last glacial cycle, possibly 140,000 years ago, with substantial replacement of the remaining rainforest and fire-sensitive sclerophyll vegetation by fire-tolerant communities, especially those dominated by eucalypts. This change was accompanied by significant increases in charcoal due to an increase in burning, perhaps the result of Aboriginal activities. Effects of this increase were probably greatest during the height of the last ice age, between about 20, 000 and 10,000 years ago. Today’s plant distributions have developed only within the past 10,000 years under higher temperatures and rainfall levels and have been affected by frequent fires. The Historical Development of Fauna The development of contemporary climatic patterns in Australia – of monsoonal rains across the north, Mediterranean winter rains across the south, year-rain only on the mountain ranges of the coast, and low erratic rain inland – has had the effect of zoning the flora and fauna. Fauna Today Within the concentric faunal zones, the climatic fluctuations of the past several million years created cyclic make-and-break connections around the fringe of the continent. During cold, dry spells, the regional faunas were split and compressed into refugia and the fauna specied into isolation. When conditions ameliorated during the warmer, wetter periods between the ice ages, the isolated stocks expanded with their habitat and remet, to overlap or, if the speciation had not been completed to interbreed. In this way, rings of species formed around the periphery of the continent. Many of the refugia are self-evident from the number of endemic forms now present there. Evolution of Climate In â€Å"Pleistocene Climate Variation† compline by J. Richerson from the University of California, Richerson states that, using a variety of proxy measures of past temperature, rainfall, ice volume mostly from cores of ocean sediments, and ice caps, paleoclimatologists have constructed an increasingly detailed picture of the climate deterioration over the last few million years, culminating in the Pleistocene ice ages. The trend of deteriorating began in the mid-Miocene, about 14 million years ago. By the Pleistocene, the Earth’s temperature had dropped several degrees and the amplitude of climate variation increased. Continental ice sheets began in the middle Pleistocene about 900,000 years ago. Pleistocene environments varied gently in complex ways that presented organisms with major adaptive challenges. The glacial environments were not only colder but drier and had lower carbon dioxide content. Hence, the overall plant productivity was lower. According to time series analysts, the climate record of the past few million years is highly non-stationary. Physical features of the Diprotodon compared with the wombat Like many large living herbivores, Diprotodon was heavily built, large-bellied quadruped. It is up to 3. 8m long from head to tail and 1. 7m at the shoulder. While wombats are short-legged, muscular  quadrupeds, approximately 1m in length with a  tail  that is a mere nubbin. Diprotodons had an oversized skull, like those of other Diprotodontids, was lightweight and filled with numerous air spaces while Wombats have the most developed brain of any marsupial The skull contained four molars in  each jaw, three pairs of  upper incisors, and one pair of lower incisors. From this dentition, we can deduce that the diprotodons were herbivorous like wombats. The Diprotodons were probably browsers, rather than grazers, as their incisors enabled them to strip vegetation from branches. The molars, with their ? at surfaces, ground the food before it was swallowed. The limbs of  the Diprotodon  were sturdy and pillar-like. The upper limb bones were longer than the lower limb bones. The distinctive feet of  Diprotodon  were remarkably small for its size, and were in turned, as in wombats. At just under 4 metres in length and up to 2800 kilograms in weight, the  Diprotodon, although massive, was smaller than either a hippopotamus or rhinoceros, to which it is often compared. Unlike the Diprotdon, all four limbs of the wombat are short and powerful, the forelegs being the strongest. They also have powerful shoulders which help them dig. The hind legs are longer than the front; this can best be seen by examining a wombats skeleton. Both the front paws and the rear feet are wide and each have five digits. All digits are armed with broad claws except the first toe which is shorter than the others. The claws are long, strong, and well-designed for digging. Like all marsupials, diprotodons had a pouch. There are even bones of adult female diprotodons that are accompanied by the tiny skeletons of their joeys, which were in the pouch when their mothers died. Marsupial babies are born at a very early stage of development. Little more than embryos, they struggle through their mother’s fur to the pouch and latch onto one of the teats inside. The teat expands in their mouth, and they’re locked in place for the next few months, feeding on their mother’s milk. When the diprotodon baby outgrew the pouch, it ventured out into the wide world, keeping close to its mother and retreating to its furry refuge at the ? rst sign of danger, in much the same way as a kangaroo joey. In the case of the wombats, the pouch on the female wombat opens to the rear. This not only prevents it from filling with dirt and debris when the mother digs, it also provides greater protection to the young when the mother walks or runs as wombats have minimal ground clearance. Climate in the Pleistocene epoch and the current Climate in Australia The Pleistocene dates from 2. 88 million to 12,000 years ago before present, the era in which the Diprotodons lived. The overall climate of the Pleistocene could be characterized as continuous El Nino. Prolonged differences in Pacific Ocean surface temperatures compared with the average value define El Nino. Repeated glaciations occurred during the Pleistocnee with 30% of the earth’s surface being covered by ice at maximum glacial extent. During glacials plant productivity was lower but a high percentage of plants being tundra, shrub desert and steppe which favour herbivores like the Diprotodon. Huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets about 1500 to 3000 metres thich resulted in temporary sea levels drop of approximately 100 metres over the entire surface of the earth including Australia. Australia today experiences a relatively harsh and variable climate. Temperature ranges from above 50 degrees Celsius to well below zero unlike in the Pleistocene era. Due to the lack of mountains and the influence of surrounding oceans minimum temperatures are moderated. Rainfall patterns in Australia are highly seasonal. More than three quarters of the continent receive less than 600 mm of rainfall and less than 300 mm of rainfall is experienced in half of the continent. Northern Australia however, has heavy monsoonal rains in Summer and occasionally destructive tropical cyclones. Southern Australia enjoys a generally mild but still highly variable climate with predominantly winter rains and frequent spring and summer bushfires in the south eastern states. Australia’s tropical/ subtropical location and cold waters off the western coast make most of Western Australia a hot desert. These cold water produce moisture needed on the mainland. A 2005 study by Australia and American researchers investigated the desertification of the interior, maintain that regular burning by early settlers could have prevented monsoons from reaching interior Australia. ` Extinction Diprotodonts, along with a wide range of other Australian  megafauna, became extinct shortly after humans arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. Three theories have been advanced to explain the mass extinction. They are : a) Climate change Australia has undergone a very long process of gradual aridification since it split off from  Gondwanaland  about 40 million years ago. The recent  ice ages  produced no significant glaciation in mainland Australia but long periods of cold and very dry weather. This dry weather during the last ice age may have killed off all the large Diprotodons. Critics point out a number of problems with this theory. First, large Diprotodons had already survived a long series of similar ice ages, and there does not seem to be any particular reason why the most recent one should have achieved what all the previous ice ages had failed to do. Also, climate change apparently peaked 25,000 years  after  the extinctions. Finally, even during climatic extremes, some parts of the continent always remain relatively exempt: for example, the tropical north stays fairly warm and wet in all climatic circumstances; alpine valleys are less affected by drought, and so on. b) Human hunting The blitzkrieg  theory is that human hunters killed and ate the diprotodons, making them extinct. The extinctions appear to have coincided with the arrival of humans on the continent, and in broad terms,  Diprotodon  was the largest species that died out.. Recent finds of  Diprotodon  bones which appear to display butchering marks lend support to this theory. But critics of this theory regard it as simplistic, arguing that there is little direct evidence of hunting, and that the dates are too uncertain to be relied on. c) Human land management The third theory says that humans indirectly caused the extinction of diprotodonts, by destroying the  ecosystem  on which they depended. In particular, early Aborigines are thought to have been  fire-stick farmers  using fire regularly and persistently to drive game, open up dense thickets of vegetation, and create fresh green regrowth for both humans and game animals to eat. Evidence for the fire hypothesis is the sudden increase in widespread ash deposits at the time that people arrived in Australia, as well as land-management and hunting practices of modern  Aboriginal  people as recorded by the earliest European settlers before Aboriginal society was devastated by European contact and  disease. Evidence against the hypothesis is the fact that humans appear to have eliminated the megafauna of  Tasmania without using fire to modify the environment there. Although they are hotly and sometimes acrimoniously debated by specialists, few would argue that it is necessary to choose one single explanation for the extinction of many different animals in a wide range of different environments, from tropical to temperate, from desert to rainforest. The Giant Beaver Castoroides ohioensis  was a species of  the Giant beaver,  huge members  of the  family  Castoridae  (Rodentia), endemic to  North America  during the Pleistocene  epoch (1. 8  MYA—11,000 years ago) It was also the period the Diprotodons existed on the face of the Earth. However, the Diprotodons lived in parts of Australia. The Giant beaver is the largest rodent in North America and second largest in the world while the Diprotodon was the largest marsupial in the world during that time. Castoroides  ranged from Florida to the Yukon, and from New York State to Nebraska, but it has not been found outside of North America like how the Diprotodons not sighted outside of Australia. The giant wombat and the giant beaver, both lived in the Ice Age existed in the Ice Age started in the Pleistocene Period. Giant beavers seem to have preferred lakes and ponds bordered by swamps as their habitat, because their remains have been found in ancient swamp deposits so often. While Diprotodon  preferred semi-arid plains, savannahs and open woodlands, and is generally absent from hilly, forested coastal regions. These giant Ice Age beavers had a length up to 8 feet and an estimated weight of 130-220 pounds; while the giant wombats were 10 feet tall and weighed about 6000 pounds. The teeth of the giant beaver are bigger and broader, prominently ridged outer surfaces and blunt, rounded tipped incisors. Generally, the teeth were well adapted to grinding up the plants that made up the animals diet. Conversely, the giant wombats possessed four pairs of  incisors   which continued to grow throughout its life. Each of its four  molars  was high-crowned, meaning that it ate harsh types of foods. In addition, the giant beaver has short hind legs and it is assumed that its feet were also webbed. However, the giant wombat’s legs were sturdy and pillar-like; the feet were small and turned in like the wombat’s feet. The main difference between the two megafauna is that the Giant wombat had a pouch but the beaver does not due to the fact that the giant beaver is a rodent and the giant wombat a marsupial. The Giant Beaver family can be seen at its favorite haunt—around a pond where cattails and sphagnum moss grow in abundance. Unlike the beavers of today, these giants were not capable of chopping down trees as their teeth tapered to a blunt point. Their diet consisted of water plants such as cattails. However, Diprotodon  was probably a browser, feeding on shrubs and forbs. One skeleton from Lake Callabonna had the remains of saltbush in its abdominal region. Diprotodon  may have eaten as much as100 to150 kilograms of vegetation daily. Its chisel-like incisors used to root out vegetation. The giant beaver played an important role in the ecosystem perhaps by altering the soil structure and micro topography, nutrient cycling and water flows over local or regional areas. It also had dramatic effects on the growth and species composition of plant communities. The Giant Beaver impoundments affect nutrient cycles and water flow, and consequently the species richness of aquatic invertebrates, fish and riparian vegetation at local and catchment scales. Similarly, the giant wombats were important in maintaining ecosystem productivity, as native grazers and ecosystem engineers, they increase soil turnover thus impacting soil nutrition. Mechanism of evolution of Australian Animals Both  geologic  and climatic events helped to make Australias fauna unique. Australia is home to many unusual animals, bugs and creatures that are found nowhere else in the world. Australia was once part of the southern supercontinent  Gondwana, which also included South America, Africa, India and Antarctica. Gondwana began to break up 140  million years ago (MYA); 50 MYA Australia separated from Antarctica and was relatively isolated until the collision of the  Indo-Australian Plate  with Asia in the  Miocene  era 5. 3 MYA. The establishment and  evolution  of the present-day fauna was apparently shaped by the unique climate and the geology of the continent. As Australia  drifted, it was, to some extent, isolated from the effects of global climate change. The unique fauna that originated in Gondwana, such as the marsupials, survived and  adapted  in Australia. After the  Miocene, fauna of Asian origin were able to establish themselves in Australia. The  Wallace Line—the hypothetical line separating the zoogeographical  regions of Asia and Australasia—marks the tectonic boundary between the  Eurasian  and Indo-Australian plates. This continental boundary prevented the formation of land bridges and resulted in a distinct zoological distribution, with limited overlap, of most Asian and Australian fauna, with the exception of birds. Following the emergence of the circumpolar current in the mid-Oligocene  era (some 15 MYA), the Australian climate became increasingly  arid, giving rise to a diverse group of arid-specialized organisms, just as the wet tropical and seasonally wet areas gave rise to their own uniquely adapted species. Therefore, being situated a long distance from other parts of the world, and having many climatic changes throughout each part of the country, Australian animals have had to adapt to this. This has led Australia into being one continental country that boasts many unusual types of species, land and sea dwelling. Distributional patterns differ according to whether the fauna which already belonged to the Australian landmass or a fauna that immigrated. Much of the old endemic component of the fauna, dates from the time when the Australian landmass was still joined to the super-continent Gondwana. Old endemic groups show marked evolutionary diversification into different environments with numerous species and genera ranged about all corners of Australia. New immigrants show little evolutionary diversification. Most are represented by only one or two itinerant species of genera that are diverse in Eurasia. Most of the species are wide-spread in Australia or limited to the tropical north, the region in which they are arrived from Eurasia. Another distributional characteristic of the new immigrants is their common occurrence in habitats that also are recent developments in Australia. Australia was home to many giant species of animals, but evolution and hunting by the indigenous people wiped out many of the larger or giant species of kangaroo and wombats. Today we still have smaller versions of these creatures, but they are still unique to this land and habitat. Many of these strange animals cannot be found anywhere else in the world, although certain characteristics of each can be seen in animals that may be extinct

Custom Chip case Management

Introduction Custom Chip, Inc. is a manufacturing company that specializes in components and custom chips that are used in satellite transmitters, radars and radio frequency apparatus. The company was established in 1977 and has been flourishing swiftly ever since. Frank Questin, one of the managers at Custom Chip under the Product engineering department is facing a lot of challenges while trying to carry out his duties and responsibilities.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Custom Chip case: Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The challenges sometimes made him query his efficiency and effectiveness in accomplishing his managerial responsibilities. This paper analyses the key problems that faces Frank, Pros and cons of Frank’s managerial style, source of conflicts in different departments, advantages and disadvantages of Custom Chip organizational structure and steps that Frank should take to im prove this situation. Key problems facing Frank One of the problems facing Frank is inadequate time to accomplish his duties and responsibilities due to frequent disruption and problems brought to him by his colleagues. He lacks the time to develop a proposal that would help in resolving difficulties of documentation in manufacturing. Secondly, lack of accessibility to application engineers is another problem that faces Frank. Frank’s department has to work hand in hand with other departments to accomplish the company’s objectives. The lack of accessibility to people working in other departments leads to poor coordination of activities which eventually affects the final output of the organization. Thirdly, Frank also faces the problem of understaffing in his department. This exerts a lot of pressure on the few employees to accomplish the numerous tasks more effectively and efficiently. Pros and Cons of Frank’s managerial style According to Custom Chip case, Fran k tries to solve a number of conflicts that arise among the people in the different departments. He uses collaborative managerial style to handle and solve the conflicts. Collaborative style allows the participation of all the people involved in solving the conflict. Some of the advantages of collaborative style include trust building among team members through discussion and dialogue. The collaborative process also enables the people involved to gain access to new and superior information and ideas from each other. Furthermore, collaborative style ensures a better chance for substantive outcomes. On the other hand, collaborative style is time consuming and is likely to lead to a lot of friction among the people involved.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source of conflict among the different departments The major source of conflict lies in the objectives of the departme nts. The departments in Custom Chip Company include product engineering department, manufacturing department and application engineers department. Each department might compromise quality of work just to achieve their objectives. For instance, the product engineering department is responsible for improving and maintaining outputs hence they have the mandate to stop production if it is not up to standards. Stopping production may prevent the manufacturing department from achieving its objective of meeting standards of productivity and working within a time frame. Pros and cons of Custom Chip Inc.’s organizational structure Custom Chip Company operates under a functional organization structure where the organization is partitioned into the different functional areas. The different areas are headed by specialists who have authority over other employees in that function. Advantages of functional organizational structure include better departmental control due to specialization. T he structure also encourages simplified training and follows principle of career specialization. On the other hand, functional structure may lead to poor coordination between functions. Moreover, the structure might limit the growth of the organization due to overspecialization and narrow perspectives of the key staff. Furthermore, the organizational structure may encourage conflict of interest between the different functions of the company. Steps for improving Custom Chip Company Frank being the product engineering manager, he is responsible for all the employees and functions under his department. In order to improve the situation of the company, Frank should mobilize his team to coordinate with application engineering department during the design phase. The product engineers can make use of their expert knowledge to provide valuable input in order to improve the yields of new products. Moreover, Frank’s department should engage in intensive research in order to help in imp roving the end product. In addition, they should accurately document the steps of manufacturing their products, particularly those that are in high demand in order to avoid any delays.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Custom Chip case: Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion From the Custom Chip case, it is evident that Frank faces a lot of challenges while carrying out his duties at the company. He tries very hard to have an amicable relationship with fellow colleagues despite their disagreements every other time. In every organization especially that with functional structure, there are many activities that need proper coordination with other departments in order to be accomplished more efficiently and effectively. One or more departments may feel that their work is being sabotaged if the other does not fulfill their assigned objectives. This might lead to a lot of friction and conflict whic h in the long run might interfere with the ultimate performance of the company as a whole. This case study on Custom Chip case: Management was written and submitted by user Kailey Decker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Review of Aristotle essays

Review of Aristotle essays There are several different types of friendship and within those types, there are different levels. One of the basic types is between the rich class and the poor class. It seems as if the wealthy need friends in order to share their possessions and belongs. After all, what good are money and material items without anybody to share them with? Those living near poverty need friends on a more desperate basis. They feel much more secure if they have friends to protect them when the road gets rough. (p. 688). When we travel about, we may see a man with many friends. Often times we tend to think of this man as well liked, or possible a noble man. This thought is derived from the amount of friends around him. For example, there are two men. One has a single friend beside him. The other has five friends around him. Most likely, we will think of the man with five friends to be more noble and well liked than the man with one friend. It is always good to have friends, after all, arent two brains better than one? However, we must watch how we chose our friends. The ideal friendship, also known as the perfect relationship, is based on love and affection. How we choose our friends is all together different. It is like the old saying, Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. If we have a real friend we wish him well for his own sake, not for the conversations sake. This type of relationship is extremely rare; it takes two of a kind with similar interests and moral beliefs to form it. The beneficial relationship between friends is one that gives enjoyment, self-gain, and goodness to one party. It is often referred to as friendship based on utility (p. 690). In other words, we receive some type of pleasure out of it. This is a very unhealthy relationship and will, in time, degrade ones status if it becomes publicly known. In critiquing Aristotles work, ...

Bringing extinct animals back to life Assignment

Bringing extinct animals back to life - Assignment Example This project involves withstanding painstaking research and consumption of large sums of money in the project. It also involves fighting back ethical issues raised by environmentalists concerning the undertakings. Novak and Brand represent the group of new generation who are passionate about having the extinct animals back in the global ecosystem. The author is biased in the way he present the project Revive and Restore as the solution to the extinction problem. The mission and vision of the organization trying to launch the de-extinction program which would ensure the extinct birds and animals are restored back into the ecosystem. The underlying value is down to giving conservation measures a different approach as well as the restoration of beauty of having those birds and animals around. However, the writer fails to address the issues that lead to extinction in the first place. The project Revive and Restore will consume a lot of funds which can be channeled to more conservation measure to guards the animals which are already being faced by extinction. In addition, the author fails to address the repercussion of the extinct animal regenerate upsetting the current ecosystem balance as they struggle to adapt themselves to an environment tat have changed over the decades. It is worth mentioning that the article present some valuable information about the importance of conservation. It highlights how human negligence over animal conservation can lead to a very expensive and time consuming reversal process. So what ought to be done to conserve the existing endangered species should be put in place to avoid the expensive and unproven de-extinction

Problem Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Problem Identification - Essay Example In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) argued that the risk of cardiovascular disease is increased by the lack of control or detection of hypertension. In that publication, W.H.O claimed that an increase in blood pressure by 20/10 mmHg from such a level as 115/75 mmHg doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease (WHO, 2011). The eighth Joint National Commission panel (JNC 8) developed an evidence-based guideline for managing high blood pressure in adults. The guideline was captured in nine recommendations. Each recommendation shows its target age bracket, strength and the treatment intervention appropriate for the said age bracket or section of the population. The aim of the current paper is to understand whether the JNC guideline can help reduce the future risk of cardiovascular disease. Rosendorff et al (2007) reckon that hypertension is a major independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Based on JNC’s definition of hypertension as having a blood pressure of greater or equal to 140/90 mm Hg, Rosendorff et al (2007) concluded that sixty five million American adults have hypertension. This was equivalent to one fourth of the population of the United States as at 2007. The study also concluded that one fourth of the population of the United States was in prehypertension stage that the JNC stipulated as systolic blood pressure of between 120 and 139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ranging between 80 and 89 mm Hg (Rosendorff et. al., 2007). Rosendorff et al (2007) noted that blood pressure is strongly related to age but that the relationship is complicated. As one progresses through life up to age fifty, the systolic blood pressure rises in line with diastolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure continues rising after fifty years of age but diastolic blood pressure starts decelerating. According to their study, more than half of the American population above

Can Regulation Of Tobacco Affect Health Care Costs Economics Essay

Can Regulation Of Tobacco Affect Health Care Costs Economics Essay The economic calculations associated with tobacco use are very complicated. For every savings, there are increased costs in other areas. Many productivity costs are subjective, while things like tax revenues are very definitive. These costs can be absorbed by various entities; public, private, and governmental. The tobacco industry has been viewed as the root of many of these costs. This industry has historically been exempt from oversight by any governmental agency, other than taxation. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently taken charge of overseeing and regulating many tobacco products, including cigarettes. Can the new regulations have any effect on health care costs? Why is tobacco use such a big deal? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world, responsible for one in ten adults and the fourth most common risk factor for disease worldwide (2010). Costs (both public and private) associated with health care related to tobacco are astronomical. Productivity is reduced or lost when people are at their prime due to tobacco use. A 1994 report estimated that the use of tobacco resulted in an annual global net loss of US$ 200 thousand million, a third of this loss being in developing countries (World Health, 2010). This paper will look at the costs associated with tobacco use in the United States and the relationship regulation may have on reducing these costs. Compared to the length of time tobacco has been used, the health effects of its use are just recently becoming understood by the general public. Prior to this knowledge, the tobacco companies were free to advertise without any regulation. 1789 saw the first tobacco advertisement in the U.S for snuff. Communication, transportation, and manufacturing constraints of the time prevented any major branding and marketing successes. The first strong national tobacco brand didnt emerge until near the end of the Civil War, when both Union and Confederate soldiers in Durham, North Carolina raided a local farmers tobacco crop while waiting for a surrender to be completed. After the war was over, these soldiers began writing to the farmer, Mr. John Green, requesting more; Green went on to establish the successful Bull Durham Tobacco Company. (Collins Lapsley, 2010) The cigarette machine was one of the two major innovations that changed the industry and embedded tobacco into the minds of Americans. It was introduced in the 1880s and allowed companies to go from producing 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes a day to over 4 million. The other major innovation came in the form of advertising. The color lithograph revolutionized advertising and packaging. These factors allowed companies to brand their products, searing them into the fabric of everyday life. Promotions, such as trading cards, were packaged with cigarettes and became collectors items. World War II came and went with millions of soldiers and sailors addicted to nicotine courtesy of free cigarettes issued along with meals. Marketing remained pretty much unregulated throughout the 1950s. Advertisements promoted how healthy it was to smoke and how doctors (whom the public trusted) recommend one brand over another. Sponsorship of television shows, like The Flintstones and Gunsmoke, propelled cigarette smoking into a normal and expected part of life. For tobacco companies, it was the Golden Age: cigarette ads featured endorsements from dentists, doctors, babies and even Yankees slugger Mickey Mantle (Collins Lapsley, 2010). Research evidence was beginning to mount of a link between tobacco use and lung cancer. Filtered cigarettes were born, which eventually led to light and low tar brands all of which have been proven to be no safer than regular ones. Rising public interest in health issues associated with tobacco use and concern about social costs associated with the care of sick tobacco users have created an atmosphere less tolerant than before. In the United States, social acceptance of tobacco use is rapidly declining. 1964 saw the first real public scrutiny of the tobacco industry when the U.S. Surgeon General released his first report on Smoking and Health. This comprehensive report outlined how tobacco had been shown in over 7,000 scientific studies to be linked to lung cancer, emphysema, and other diseases. This was the tipping point for many. Warning labels were mandated on packages. Advertising restrictions for radio and television were put in place. The public was put on notice that tobacco may not be all the things the industry was telling them. 18 Surgeon General reports have followed, as new findings have been proven. In 1996, cigarettes were labeled an addictive drug. The FDA sought to gain control over the industry and limit the sales and advertising of tobacco products (Brant, July 2008). With presidential support, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the industry in 2000 claiming the federal agency was never given the proper authority to regulate tobacco by Congress (Brant, July 2008). Restrictions are not new to the tobacco industry. Extremely deep pockets have allowed them the opportunity to design ways around most hurdles in the past (See Appendix). Regulation comes in many forms. State and local governments have passed laws throughout the years, most of which regard taxation. The recent passage of the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) tobacco regulation bill will give the national government much more power over the manufactures actions. This is the broadest and most comprehensive regulation over the tobacco industry ever. The FDA will be able to control product ingredients, labeling, marketing, and determine whether new products should be distributed. The budgetary impact of smoking Costs related to tobacco use can be looked at from different perspectives. There are related costs that are only seen by the individual, their family, and those close to them. Then there are the costs that are seen by society. These social costs are what drive many of the regulatory policies we have in the U.S. These costs must be balanced and weighed with the benefits associated with tobacco use. Organizations from several fronts are quick to weigh in on advantages and disadvantages of such policies. Each has their own agendas and use data to support them. High social costs justify more restrictive policies, while lower social costs support the argument against such policies. Calculating these costs is not simple. It is important not to count the same costs twice. A sick smoker that becomes dependent upon welfare payments instead of their job salary should not be seen as lost productivity and the cost of welfare payments. The first is a real cost (a real loss of resources) while the second is a pecuniary cost (a redistribution of resources from taxpayers to the smoker) (Adhikari, et al. December 30, 2008, p. 1227). Health care costs in the United States continue to account for an ever increasing percentage of personal and public expenditures. The budgetary impact of tobacco use generally is looked at as whether the tax revenues cover the costs that tobacco use imparts on government agencies. These costs are not just paid by these agencies. Personal and business costs, such as those of health insurance companies, bear massive burdens too. While we are often asked: Do smokers cover the smoking-related costs that the rest of the community bears?, the more relevant question is: Does the tobacco industry cover the communitys smoking-related costs?. The answer to this second question is almost certainly no' (Lindblom, 2010, p. 2). It has been estimated by the CDC that each pack of cigarettes sold in the United States costs the nation more than $7 in medical care and lost productivity (2010). The lifetime health costs of tobacco It is important to understand the difference between the lifetime personal health care costs of smokers compared to non-smokers. There is an argument that smoking provides benefits as well. It may be obvious that smokers have higher costs during their lifetimes, but one must consider the non-smoker lives a longer, more productive life, and therefore uses health care services for a longer period of time. Philip Morris, a major tobacco company conducted a detailed data analysis and submitted a 1999 official report to the government of the Czech Republic that they should let Philip Morris sell cigarettes in their country. They (Philip Morris) said that the government would save approximately $1,227 US per person on savings of health care for older people and increase in taxable revenue (Philip Morris, 2000). The industry is in a catch 22 situation when arguing this point. Premature death associated with tobacco use must be admitted and the economics must outweigh human life. The Center for Disease control estimates that male smokers have approximately $16,500 more lifetime health care cost and females have approximately $19,500 than those that do not smoke. (Campaign, 2010) This adds up to considerable amounts that someone must absorb. The nationwide total in 2004 was almost $98 billion(Adhikari, et al. 2008, p. 2228). Measures to reduce tobacco demand There are many different regulatory measures that can be used to significantly impact tobacco use, such as bans on direct and indirect tobacco advertising, tobacco tax and price increases, smoke-free environments in all public and workplaces, and large clear graphic health messages on tobacco packaging (Collins Lapsley, 2010). Tobacco taxation Taxation is probably the most effective (and certainly the most cost-effective) means of reducing tobacco consumption. Studies have shown that higher prices equate to less people using, especially youth. Young people have less disposable income than older people. This makes them more sensitive to changes in price. Adult tobacco use also changes in relation to price increase too, but not as much as youth. Burman notes that research has shown that a 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes would reduce youth smoking by more than 10 percent (Brandt, July 31, 2008, p. 447). Taxes can be used to this benefit, along with the increase in public funds that can be focused on tobacco prevention programs. Cigarette taxes can be seen as a double edged sword. Governments can become as addicted to the tobacco tax income as smokers are to lighting up every day. The amounts of money are astronomical. The President of the United States, Barack Obama signed into law on February 4, 2009 a 62-cent federal tax increase per pack of cigarettes, along with increases in other types of tobacco too. This money is to be used to fund the State Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), a major childrens health reform package. The federal cigarette tax is $1.01 per pack and the average state tax is just over $1.00 per pack. According to the Tax Trade Bureau, over 16 billion state tax-paid packs were sold in FY2009. The total tobacco revenue generated for government use is approximately $39 billion. This significant figure is enough to get any legislator looking for the source and wondering how to keep it. Several states have hoped to fund health care with tobacco dollars. Massachusetts, California, Oregon, and even the federal SCHIP program have come under heavy opposition from the tobacco industry. The SCHIP program was finally approved, but the other propositions ultimately failed. The primary argument used against such taxes is that a tobacco tax is a regressive tax, meaning that it affects poor people more so than others. Approximately 33 percent of those living at or below the poverty level smoke. The argument is that a greater portion of their income is spent on tobacco, and therefore the tax would be greater. Counter to this argument for the SCHIP funding is that the program is designed to disproportionately benefit those in this income level. And so, under an expanded SCHIP, low-income families would have essentially paid $164 to get $1,700 worth of coverage (Robert Wood, May 18, 2009). Theres a big difference in the cost to society and what society is getting back in tax, said Dr. Terry Pechacek, the associate director of the CDCs Office of Smoking and Health. We believe society is bearing a burden for the individual behavioral choices of the smokers. A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention put the nations total cost of smoking at $3,391 a year for every smoker, or $157.7 billion (Curfman, Morrissey, Drazen, June 22, 2009). Poverty and tobacco are closely linked. Some studies have noticed that in some countries, the poorest households can spend up to 10 percent of their entire income on tobacco products. It is difficult to ascertain how this might have a direct impact on malnutrition, health care and longevity of life, as well as things like literacy rates. Tobacco has a wide reaching impact. Restrictions on advertising and other promotion Anti-tobacco campaigners support restrictions on advertising and promotion. It seems obvious that promotion and advertising increase the demand to use, or the industry would not spend the amounts they do. According to the Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, from 1998 to 2006, tobacco industry marketing has increased, nationwide, by more than 85 percent, with tobacco industry marketing in 2006 totaling at least $12.8 billion (or more than $35 million per day) (2010). The tobacco industry addresses these concerns with the rhetoric that advertising does not increase the market size, merely determining the market shares of individual firms. While this point is difficult to determine, a key finding from the national youth tobacco survey indicates that the three most heavily used brands of cigarettes by teens are the three most heavily advertised by the industry. Studies on the effect of these restrictions indicate that partial restrictions (i.e. location or type only) have little impact on demand. Restrictions on advertising and marketing do not change the amount the industry spends, only the location and types of activities. They simply shift to non-restricted types of marketing. This is why it is difficult to determine the effectiveness of marketing restrictions. When restrictions are imposed that affect multiple avenues, tobacco consumption goes down significantly. This supports the thought that marketing increases the market size, not just move customers from one brand to another. Health information and counter advertising Anti-tobacco campaigns use pro-health messages and counter-marketing campaigns have been show to have some effect in swaying people away from use. The premise is that the better educated users or potential users are, the better chance they will chose not to us the products. This is a difficult avenue to promote anti-tobacco messages, as it is extremely costly and directly competes with the marketing expenditures of the tobacco industry. There is no way to match, dollar for dollar. Success comes from the combination of efforts counter-marketing with the other restrictions. There is a synergistic effect. Smoking restrictions and bans on sales to youth Youth tobacco use is of utmost importance to the tobacco industry and the anti-tobacco movement organizations. From the 1950s to the present, different defendants, at different times and using different methods, have intentionally marketed to young people under the age of twenty-one in order to recruit replacement smokers to ensure the economic future of the tobacco industry (Campaign, 2010). Where someone can smoke has become a frontline issue. Restrictions of the location, such as restaurants, workplaces, and other public places, make it more difficult for the smoker to light up. This creates an incentive to quit and reduces the opportunity for others to start. These restrictions reduce the amount of tobacco people use, reduce the prevalence of smoking, and have a direct impact on the exposure of second-hand smoke to others. Other smoking cessation interventions Cessation programs have made an impact on tobacco prevalence too. Pharmacological product advancements, from nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), to newer products such as Chantix à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ have helped the tobacco user assure success. These products are heavily marketed and many health care organizations provide them with little or no costs associated to the patient. Some argue the cost benefit of public subsidy of these products is a win-win based on health care costs saved. FDA Tobacco Legislation Through the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. federal government was recently granted authority to oversee many tobacco products. Members of Congress and health organizations have worked toward this goal for many years. This new authority includes many of the items discussed above, i.e. manufacturing standards, marketing and sales practices. The legislation is a very comprehensive approach to changing tobacco use among Americans, now and for future generations. New standards for additives, flavors (other than menthol), restrictions on sales, distribution, and marketing apply. Detailed ingredients will have to be disclosed. The FDA will have the authority to require changes to products. This is the first major governmental step to protect the public from the harms of tobacco. The new law: Restricts Marketing and Sales of Tobacco Products to Children bans ads within 1000 feet of schools and playgrounds eliminates sweetened (candy flavored) cigarettes Requires Detailed Tobacco Product Disclosure Provides Access to Tobacco Manufacturers Research Strengthens Tobacco Product Warning Labels warning labels must cover 50 percent of the front and back of the pack. Allows FDA to Require Changes to Tobacco Products to Reduce Risk Where Technologically Feasible Regulates Health Claims For Scientific Accuracy And Public Health Impact Evaluates Reduced Risk Health Claims For New Products eliminates cigarettes from being labeled light or low tar Regulates Only Manufacturers, Not Farmers The Congressional Budget Offices (CBO) examination of the new law shows an expected reduction in the number of underage tobacco users of 11 percent by 2019. CBO also estimates will lead to a further decline in smoking by adults by about 2 percent after 10 years. The expected impact of the legislation on the use of tobacco products stems from a combination of regulatory and economic factors. (Congressional, 2009) Impact of FDA Regulation of Tobacco on Medicaid The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) anticipates that the new FDA tobacco rules will lead to a reduction in smoking among pregnant women. Pregnant women that do not smoke during pregnancy are less likely to have low birth weight children. Low birth weight kids cost more at birth and during childhood. As a result, state spending for Medicaid would decrease by an estimated $17 million over the 2010-2014 period, with additional savings in subsequent years (Yang Novotny, 2009). Medicaid expenditures are expected to be reduced by $100 million over 10 years. Other Medicare expenditures are positively affected by the FDA rules too. Heart attacks and stroke are less likely to occur in non-smokers, which will mean acute care services costs will decrease, but it is unclear as to by how much. Medicare costs may increase in some areas due to increased life spans and the payout associated with that. Conclusion A key aspect of tobacco prevention is that as people decide not to use tobacco products, their health will be generally better. If all Americans stopped smoking-beginning with this generation of teens-that would do more to improve the health of the nation that any other reform (Adhikari, et al. December 30, 2008, p. 1227). The economic calculations associated with tobacco use are very complicated. For every savings, there is an increase in costs in another area. Many productivity costs are subjective, while things like tax revenues are very definitive. Public and private costs have to be figured separately. However, there are situations where they overlap and care must be taken to count them in only one spot. For instance, someone that lives just below the poverty line and smokes may rely on public assistance for many things, like health care. That same person quits and their relative household revenue and productivity increases. They may not be as reliant on public assistance. The i ncrease in their revenue and productivity cannot be counted if the decrease in public assistance spending is also counted. It is certain that more regulation, like that in the new FDA program will indeed reduce tobacco use. It is certain that reduction in tobacco use equates to less money spent overall on health care compared to the smoker, but may increase health care costs long term due to extended life span. It is certain that overall productivity will increase as tobacco use decreases. The real questions occur when these issues are followed by the question of By how much?. It is almost like Newtons Law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The factor that must be considered is the value of life length and productivity. These values can sway the equation massively in one direction or the other. The latest estimates of total smoking-attributable health care costs approach $100 billion. Private insurance covers 50 percent of smoking-related medical costs for people aged 19-64 (American Academy, 2010). Education about the effects of smoking on health continues to escalate. As more is learned, the estimates increase as to the costs associated with tobacco use.

Despite the Australian context, The Removalists, is able to dramatize convincingly issues, which are relevant to any society

In the play, The Removalists, Williamson uses the Australian context to help dramatize various convincing issues, which are relevant to society. The use of typical colloquial language and idioms in the play are the only features particularly related to the Australian context. Other features such as setting, stagecraft, lighting, and costumes remain common and universal to all society. Together with the characters of Simmond, Ross, Kate, Kenny, Fiona and the removalist, the central themes of power, authoritarianism, violence, confrontation between sexes and prejudice are well illustrated. It is through The Removalists that Williamson make the audience aware of the corruption in society and contrary within life. The title of the play, The Removalists, directly and metaphorically suggests the police are â€Å"removing† the scandals from society through which abusive power is used. It also implies that the corruption of authorities and power within public forces is being removed from the control of law and order. These ideas of power are enhanced through characters and series of incidents of the play. The imbalance power relation is directly introduced in the beginning of the play when Simmond was â€Å"auditioning† Ross for his duty in the police force. Immediately, Simmond's relaxed sitting position in contrast with Ross' uncomfortable and uneasy standing position depicts the different power status between the two. The motion of Simmond â€Å"circling† Ross further distinguishes the different amount of power and authority held by each character. Other than the application of stagecraft, physical body language also plays an important part in portraying social issues. As particularly highlighted by the character of Simmonds, it is common that power and violence, some of which are illegal and invalid, are being overused within the society for various reasons. In the case of Simmonds, he viciously and repulsively beats up Kenny in order to gain power, establish control and obtain his desires and wants. His continuous use of violence and power throughout the play reflects the obsession of power within society. People are often blinded by the sense of power and authority that they simply strive greedily and endlessly for power and neglect the serious possible consequences that may bring in return. The sudden explosion of violence of Ross on helpless Kenny shows that everyone in society, even those of the least expected, do possess a certain kind of aggressive instinct within his/herself. This idea is enhanced through suspension atmosphere and the imagination of the audience while the violent bloody scene between the two characters occurred off stage. The use of silence and pause after the bashing furthermore creates tension, which highlights the hidden power and ability within people in society such as Ross. The misuse of authority and abusive violence by officials are prominently examined in The Removalists, mainly through the characters of Sergeant Simmonds and Constable Ross. The two police officers use Kenny as a punching bag in order to work out on their repressions and frustrations, and they can do so because they have come to take their own power as a matter of course. This effectively reflects that there are tremendous prejudices and pressures towards conformity in Australian society, which is reinforced by an implied threat of violence. Williamson also explores the unbalanced power held between different classes. For instance, as depicted by the character of Kate, who belongs to a wealthy high-class family, tends to have power and control over her sister, Fiona, who belongs to a rather low-class one. This is also reflected through the contrasting costumes wore by the two as Kate is â€Å"more expensively dressed and more elegant than her younger sister†, who has â€Å"an easy innocent sensuality†. Not only does Kate often manipulate and took advantage of Fiona's innocence, but Simmond also dominates Fiona and the prostitutes at the brothel. This shows that the ones positioned at the top of the hierarchy tend to hold control and scrutinize those at the bottom of the hierarchy. The attempt of solving problems with more violence in the end of the play after Kenny's death shows that part of society is tremendously corrupted by violence. Once a pattern of violence is accepted for any circumstances, it becomes acceptable in all circumstances. As a result, people will subconsciously apply violence in an uncontrollable manner just as â€Å"the fight almost takes on the air of frenzied ritual of exorcism†. Insults, assaults and aggressive use of words can also be seen as violence, as shown by Simmonds, who more often attack others verbally. He speaks of strong, harsh language, often containing swearwords and black irony in his speech to challenge and insult his target opponents. Perhaps in Simmonds' attitude to his junior, Constable Ross, especially after Kenny's death, aggression is expressed by the old towards the young. This reflects the deep and bitter resentment felt by the old against the challenge to their moral and institutional power. Knowledge and experiences are another important aspects, through which power is established. For instance, Kenny uses the knowledge of Kate's private life and adultery to gain control over Kate. Similarly, the power of the removalist is neither exerted nor influenced in any way for he holds evidences and knowledge of real situation and the illegal violence involved. He is prepared to use this power of knowledge if his status is being threatened. It is also this power of knowledge that Simmond has over Ross, Kate and Fiona's background that places him at a higher and more powerful status. The community itself is partially responsible for such corruption in society, as they are the ones who tolerated such to occur. The removalist is a representation of this, as he refuses to help out or get involved into the bloody situation between the police officers and Kenny, instead he allows the scene to happen. The attitude of the removalist being â€Å"if nobody interferes with me then I don't interfere with nobody†. This effectively reflects not only the attitude of the community against illegal acts and conducts but also shows their selfishness and ignorance. The victims, who are mistreated and encountered unfairness, are also to be blamed as they are often reluctant to complain or take legal action because they fear reprisals of one sort or another. The community simply has a natural unwillingness to cross swords with established power such as the police force. The result of their impotent rage will in turn be expressed in fresh acts of violence on other victims. Those law-abiding and decent members of the force are another factor that helps to give immunity to criminally violent police. As represented by Constable Ross, the decent members generally failed to take actions necessary to halt their law-breaking colleagues. Instead help the unlawful ones to cover up or even participate in the abusive violence with others. This is further enhanced by the removalist's rhetorical claim, â€Å"Do you think they'd [the police] come down and collar their own mates?†. Unlike a regular violent incident, police brutality embodies a corruption of the law itself. When the law itself is the culprit, people in the community have no security and no avenue of redress. On the other hand, in the past people's view and attitude towards â€Å"wife bashing† is rather negative. It is a common saying at the time that † Never arrest a wife basher if he missus is still warm†. At the level not so much of approval, but rather of unthinking social acceptance, is that the male-female relationship is rested on a frightening sub-stratum of violence. The popular language of sex is violent. The deep repression and frustrations expressed by Sergeant Simmonds in his outburst against Kate and Fiona are endemic in this culture. The society's code of aggressive masculinity involves the positive isolation of women in their role as sexual objects. This implies an inhuman violence in sexual relationships, against which women are fighting and protesting for in recent years. The continuous change of power among characters throughout the play effectively suggests that power is mostly created, recreated, depoliticized and routinized within one's language and action. This is displayed as Simmond's control over situation fluctuates as Ross and Kate challenges repeatedly challenges his power. Kate mainly gains her power by sharing with Simmond. Her approach of sitting on Simmond's desk and letting him to place his arm around her, are evidential of the loss and gain of power between individuals in society. Moreover, Williamson explores subtle ideas in regards to the prejudice and racism in society. This is depicted through insulting language and name-calling to those that are different to the norm in society and with a different ethnic background. For instance, Christians are being named â€Å"mick†, which is just as insulting to the extent of calling Afro-Americans â€Å"negro†. This reflects that certain unfair and irrational conventions in society are passed on from the past and remains in present days. Through the character, stagecraft and playwright, Williamson prominently provoked many subtle ideas and social issues. As he examines and manipulates different forms of power in the play, Williamson proficiently convey the idea that â€Å"power is a cancer that eats at the heart of all civilized society†. In order to overcome such corruption in societies, the most realistic solutions lie in the fields of education, and more humane, and human-centered urban development. Through The Removalists, Williamson not only highlighted many social issues, but also more importantly, initiated in the field of education to provoke the community of their wrongs and fraud.